{"id":4405,"date":"2020-11-11T15:25:44","date_gmt":"2020-11-11T15:25:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/onlineclassesguru.com\/?p=4405"},"modified":"2020-11-11T15:25:44","modified_gmt":"2020-11-11T15:25:44","slug":"constants-across-cultures-in-the-face-and-emotion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/onlineclassesguru.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/11\/constants-across-cultures-in-the-face-and-emotion\/","title":{"rendered":"CONSTANTS ACROSS CULTURES IN THE FACE AND EMOTION"},"content":{"rendered":"<style type=\"text\/css\"><\/style><p>CONSTANTS ACROSS CULTURES IN THE FACE AND EMOTION \u2018<\/p>\n<p>PAUL EKMAN2<\/p>\n<p>University of California, San Francisco<\/p>\n<p>WALLACE V. FRIESEN<\/p>\n<p>Langley Porter Ne\/iropsycliialric Institute<\/p>\n<p>This study addresses the question of whether any facial expressions of emotion are universal. Recent studies showing that members of literate cultures associated the same emotion concepts with the same facial behaviors could not demonstrate that at least some facial expressions of emotion are universal; the cultures compared had all been exposed to some of the same mass media presentations of facial expres- sion, and these may have taught the people in each culture to recognize the unique facial expressions of other cultures. To show that members of a preliterate culture who had minimal exposure to literate cultures would associate the same emotion concepts with the same facial behaviors as do members of Western and Eastern literate cultures, data were gathered in New Guinea by telling subjects a story, showing them a set of three faces, and asking them to select the face which showed the emotion appropriate to the story. The results provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that the association between particular facial muscular patterns and discrete emotions is universal.<\/p>\n<p>Prolonged and at times heated controversy has failed to demonstrate whether facial be- haviors associated with emotion are universal for man or specific to each culture. Darwin (1872) postulated universals in facial behavior on the basis of his evolutionary theory. Allport (1924), Asch (1952), and Tomkins (1962, 1963) have also postulated universals in emotional facial behavior, although each writer offered a different theoretical basis for his expectation. The culture-specific view, that facial behaviors become associated with emotion through cul- turally variable learning, received support from Klineberg\u2019s (1938) descriptions of how the facial behaviors described in Chinese literature differed from the facial behaviors associated<\/p>\n<p>1 The authors are indebted to E. Richard Sorenson, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blind- ness, for collaboration in planning the early stages of this research, and providing background material rele- vant to understanding of the Fore people. The authors are also grateful to Neville Hoffman, University of Western Australia, for his extraordinary ability to enlist cooperation from subjects and his many useful suggestions about the procedure. The research was supported by Grant AFOSR 1229-67 from the Advanced Research Projects Agency and Career Scientist De- velopment Award 5-K02-MH060 92 from the National Institute of Mental Health. Patricia Garlan and Robert Kleck provided editorial help on the preparation of this report.<\/p>\n<p>2 Requests for reprints should be sent to Paul Ekman, Studies in Nonverbal Behavior, University of Cali- formia, 140S Fourth Avenue, San Francisco, California 94122.For this assignment, you will write a brief \u00a0paper on how the scientific process was used to conduct the study and \u00a0evaluate the results described in the article that you will choose from \u00a0the list provided.<br \/>\nIn the article you must:<\/p>\n<p>Summarize the purpose of the experiment.<br \/>\nList the hypothesis\/hypotheses.<br \/>\nState any operational definitions, the independent variable(s), and the dependent variable(s).<br \/>\nSummarize the results.<br \/>\nWrite a brief proposal of your own variation of the experiment.<\/p>\n<p><center><a href=\"http:\/\/onlineclassesguru.com\/orders\/ordernow\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTyj99p60XCLyLk1htB7-1neRt8-2QdnenNlQ&usqp=CAU\"target=\"_http:\/\/onlineclassesguru.com\/orders\/ordernow\"\/><\/center><p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CONSTANTS ACROSS CULTURES IN THE FACE AND EMOTION \u2018 PAUL EKMAN2 University of California, San Francisco WALLACE V. FRIESEN Langley Porter Ne\/iropsycliialric Institute This study addresses the question of whether any facial expressions of emotion are universal. Recent studies showing that members of literate cultures associated the same emotion concepts with the same facial behaviors&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4405","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>CONSTANTS ACROSS CULTURES IN THE FACE AND EMOTION - onlineclassesguru<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/onlineclassesguru.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/11\/constants-across-cultures-in-the-face-and-emotion\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"CONSTANTS ACROSS CULTURES IN THE FACE AND EMOTION - onlineclassesguru\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"CONSTANTS ACROSS CULTURES IN THE FACE AND EMOTION \u2018 PAUL EKMAN2 University of California, San Francisco WALLACE V. 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