{"id":1981,"date":"2020-10-29T12:20:32","date_gmt":"2020-10-29T12:20:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/onlineclassesguru.com\/?p=1981"},"modified":"2020-10-29T12:20:32","modified_gmt":"2020-10-29T12:20:32","slug":"language-and-communications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/onlineclassesguru.com\/index.php\/2020\/10\/29\/language-and-communications\/","title":{"rendered":"Language and communications"},"content":{"rendered":"<style type=\"text\/css\"><\/style><div>\n<div>\n<p>Language and Communication<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Culture\u2026.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cis a system of symbols that allows us to represent and communicate our experience.\u201d (McCurdy, Shandy and Spradley, 28)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Words\u2026..<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Symbols\u2026<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Anything we can perceive with our senses that stands for something else<\/li>\n<li>Words such as \u201clawn\u201d or \u201cbarn\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>A symbol is a mark, sign or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Language\u2026<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>our most highly developed communication system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Uses the channel of sound (for many)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>For others eg: deaf may use sight<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Human beings have the capacity<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>to assign meaning to anything they experience in an arbitrary fashion which allows limitless possibilities for communication.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Symbols greatly simplify the task of communication\u2026 making it possible to communicate the immense variety of human experience whether past\/ present; tangible or intangible; good or bad.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Two features of human language:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>1) \u201cInfinite productivity\u201d &#8211; ability to communicate many messages efficiently<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>2) \u201cDisplacement\u201d \u2013allows people to talk about displaced domains [past, future &amp; immediate present]\u2026including imagined domains\u2026fantasy &amp; fiction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Contrast with chimps and gibbons<\/li>\n<li>Gibbons have nine calls that convey useful messages\u2026follow, hurt, danger (Miller 2002:292)<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Current view:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>early humans began to develop language about 50,000 years ago using calls, body posture, and gestures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>How many \u201cliving languages\u201d catalogued (Ethnologue)?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Many non-western languages have never been written down;<\/li>\n<li>Wide range of different sounds;<\/li>\n<li>Inadequacy of the western alphabet to represent such sounds (Miller 2004:290)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Over the past 500 years\u2026..about half of the world\u2019s 12,000 or so languages have become extinct as a result of warfare, epidemics, and forced assimilation brought on by colonial powers.<\/p>\n<p>One of the most powerful forces of language change is the domination of one social group over another.<\/p>\n<p>US \/ Indian policies<\/p>\n<p>China<\/p>\n<p>Russia (Russification)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Linguistics (scientific study of language)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Course in General Linguistics (1916)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Language as a system of signs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Langue (language) and<\/li>\n<li>Parole (speech)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Swiss linguist and semiotician whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments both in linguistics and semiology in the 20th century<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Langue \u2013 language as a system<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Each of us inherits a language\u2026 we learn as babies\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Native tongue often called \u201cmother tongue\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Storehouse (treasure house) passed on from generation to generation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Language\u2026<\/li>\n<li>both a \u201csocial invention\u201d and a \u201csocial institution\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Language\u2026or not language?<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=G4V4rvVcglU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=G4V4rvVcglU<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Parole (speech)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The actual behavior or performance of individuals (in contrast to language as a system)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Language = a system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Speech = thee behavior that produces vocal sounds; the behavior generated and interpreted as language.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Language operates at multiple levels<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1) Phonology (sounds)<\/li>\n<li>2) Morphology (words)<\/li>\n<li>3) Syntax \/ grammar (structure, word order, sentences)<\/li>\n<li>4) Semantics (meaning\u2026relates vocal symbols to their referents)<\/li>\n<li>5) Power (political economy)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Two approaches to studying language<\/p>\n<p>Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Sociolinguistics<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Sapir Whorf Hypothesis<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The \u201creal world\u201d is to a large extent built up on the language habits of a group.<\/li>\n<li>The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached (Edward Sapir 1949 cited in Delaney 137).<\/li>\n<li>EG American standard English<\/li>\n<li>Hopi<\/li>\n<li>Linguistic relativity. \u2026words and grammar of a language are directly linked to culture and affect how speakers of the language perceive and think about the world<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Linguistic determinism to Linguistic relativity<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Language determines thought<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Language influences thought<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Sociolinguistics<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The study of the relationship between language and society,<\/li>\n<li>examines how social categories (such as age, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation, and class) influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech.<\/li>\n<li>1960s\/70s<\/li>\n<li>Studies language in relation to society<\/li>\n<li>Language as a political act<\/li>\n<li>Language and power relations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>American Tongues<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Language differences &amp; social attitudes\u2026<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Accents<\/li>\n<li>Regional (geography)<\/li>\n<li>Social (class)<\/li>\n<li>Subcultural variations<\/li>\n<li>American standard English<\/li>\n<li>Immigrant accents<\/li>\n<li>AAVE<\/li>\n<li>Youth culture, millennials, Generation Z<\/li>\n<li>Social attitudes about\/ towards\u2026certain speakers or social groups (ethnic, immigrant, religious, political groups, musical, etc etc)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Language shaped by<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Geography<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Class<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Gender<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Race\/ ethnicity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Age<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Language\u2026v s<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Non-linguistic symbols<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Non linguistic symbols<\/p>\n<p>Transcend spoken language\u2026but we \u201cread\u201d the cues:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Rolling the eyes<\/li>\n<li>How we dress<\/li>\n<li>What kind of car we drive<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How many bathrooms our house has (material culture\u2026conveying status)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Non-verbal communications<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Gesture<\/li>\n<li>1) Kinesics (gestures)<\/li>\n<li>2) Proxemics (space)<\/li>\n<li>3) Paralanguage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>50 facial muscles\u20267,000 facial expressions<\/p>\n<p>More than 60% of our communication takes place\u2026 non-verbally<\/p>\n<p>Do you pay more attention to what someone says\u2026or to their behavior?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Reading the cues\u2026including silences<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Gestures<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>A division of kinesics known as proxemics is the cross-cultural study of humankind\u2019s perception and use of space.<\/li>\n<li>Founded by Edward Hall who coined the term, he found that different cultures have unique ways of dividing and utilizing space.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>He identified four categories of spatial use.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Proxemics<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Intimate (0-18 in)<\/li>\n<li>Personal-Casual (1.5-4 ft)<\/li>\n<li>Social-Consultive (4-12ft)<\/li>\n<li>Public (12+ ft)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>People\u2019s personal bubbles can be challenging to others<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Paralanguage<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>The second component of the gesture call system is paralanguage \u2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>specific voice effects that accompany speech and contribute to communication.<\/li>\n<li>These vocalizations include: crying, laughing, signing, grunting, moaning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How you speak is more important than what you speak<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Major focus of the Kavanaugh hearing before the Senate<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\u201cMetaphors\u201d and \u201cFrames\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Difference?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Metaphors<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Figure of speech\u2026 implies comparison<\/li>\n<li>usually linguistic<\/li>\n<li>suggests how two things that are not alike in most ways are similar in another<\/li>\n<li>\u201cThe curtain of night\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cAll the world\u2019s a stage\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Linking passion (affection and hatred) to temperature eg \u201chot\u201d\u2026 \u201ccold\u201d (39)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Frames:<br \/>\nSocial constructions<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Of social phenomena or social interactions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Choice of words \u201cframe\u201d one\u2019s position<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>EG: \u201cillegal alien\u201d vs \u201cundocumented migrant\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; EG: \u201clooting\u201d vs \u201cfinding\u201d or \u201csurviving\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>People construct frames<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>to convey a particular point of view<\/li>\n<li>People construct frames to advance a particular message that they want people to hear<\/li>\n<li>News (CNN, MSNBC, Fox, Al Jazerra, etc)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Political movements, political cartoons<\/li>\n<li>Marketing\u2026ad campaigns<\/li>\n<li>EG: ad on TV for a sleep aid (dark background with a green luminescent moth)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Essays in Conflict and Conformity: Readings in Cultural Anthropology<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cShakespeare in the Bush\u201d<\/li>\n<li>by Laura Bohannon<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cManipulating Meaning: The Military Name Game\u201d<\/li>\n<li>by Sarah Boxer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cConversation Style: Talking on the Job\u201d<\/li>\n<li>by Deborah Tannen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\u201cShakespeare in the Bush\u201d<br \/>\nby Laura Bohannon<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Overall, what did you think of the essay?<\/p>\n<p>How does it illustrate some of the terms, concepts and theme of the chapter, Language and Communication?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Questions \u2026end of chapter\u2026<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. In what ways does Bohannan try to tell the story of Hamlet to the Tiv illustrate the concept of na\u00efve realism? (48)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Na\u00efve realism<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cThe notion that reality is much the same for al people everywhere.\u201d (4, 388)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The belief that people everywhere see the world in the same way.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Na\u00efve realism in \u201cShakespeare in the Bush\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>1) Involves an American fieldworker (Laura Bohannan) telling the story of Shakespeare to Tiv elders in Nigeria;<\/li>\n<li>Assumes Shakespeare\u2019s message of tragedy is universal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2) Illustrates na\u00efve realism on the part of the elders as they reinterpret the story of Hamlet using their own categories (\u201cframes\u201d)<\/li>\n<li>Remote village, hillock of some 140 people<\/li>\n<li>Elders assume that Laura just needs to get better informed by the elders of her tribe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>A friend advised Bohannon<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c\u2026you Americans, often have difficulty with Shakespeare. He was after all a very English poet, and one can easily misinterpret the universal by misunderstanding the particular.\u201d (41)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Bohannan in West Africa (SoEa Nigeria)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bohannan wanted to learn about important rituals and ceremonies\u2026 (1961)<\/li>\n<li>Storytelling rather than ceremonies (shaped by rising waters\/ receding waters)<\/li>\n<li>Proxemics\u2026what did the Tiv do when it rained\/ what did Bohannan do (at least initially)? How did this shape perceptions of each other?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>When Bohannan was asked to tell a story to the group, she was nervous<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Art of Storytelling in West Africa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Rich oral traditions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cSkilled\u201d storytellers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>2. How does Bohannan\u2019s experience of telling the story of Hamlet to the Tiv<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>and the response of the Tiv elders to her words illustrate cross-cultural misunderstanding?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Starts right from the beginning\u2026<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cNot yesterday, not yesterday, but long ago, a thing occurred. One night three men were keeping watch outside the homestead of the great chief (Hamlet\u2019s father) when suddenly they saw the former chief approach them.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Supernatural eg: ghosts\/ witches<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>The Tiv lacked a concept for what Europeans call a ghost.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Tiv felt that the ghost of Hamlet\u2019s father was really an omen sent by a witch<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>3. What are the most important parts of Hamlet<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>that the Tiv found necessary to reinterpret? Why?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Differing cultural worldviews (Frames):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ghosts<\/li>\n<li>Witches\/ bewitching<\/li>\n<li>Chiefs\/ Line of succession<\/li>\n<li>To the brother\/ not the son<\/li>\n<li>Hamlet\u2019s madness<\/li>\n<li>And revenge<\/li>\n<li>Marriage customs<\/li>\n<li>Length of mourning time of widow<\/li>\n<li>The Tiv approved of Hamlet\u2019s mother\u2019s marriage to her husband\u2019s brother within a month of her husband\u2019s death<\/li>\n<li>Monogamy\/ polygamy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>4. Building off of Bohannan\u2019s experience,<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>can you think of ways in which cross-cultural misunderstanding shape interactions in other settings?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Overall \u201cShakespeare in the Bush\u201d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Illustrates miscommunication due to lack of cross-cultural fit;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>The story of Hamlet does not retain its original meaning when told to a Tiv audience.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Language and communication\u2026 the essay is often used as a means of understanding how perspective affects perception and expectation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\u201cManipulating Meaning: The Military Name Game\u201d by Sarah Boxer<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Questions<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>1. Why do military commanders and public officials take the naming of military operations so seriously?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>2. How has the procedure for naming military actions changed since campaigns were first given names in World War II?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>3. What pitfalls are there in choosing names for military actions in the U.S., today? Are there solutions to such problems?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>4. What evidence supports or challenges the belief held by many in authority that the way something is portrayed in words does actually affect how people will understand it?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\u201cManipulating Meaning: The Military Name Game\u201d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Essay begins with references to Sept 11th<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Why?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How does this essay address matters of \u201cframing\u201d?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Post 9\/11<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Name change\u2026\u201cInfinite Justice\u201d\u2026to \u201cEnduring Freedom\u201d (perceptions-int\u2019l relations)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Council of American Islamic Relations<\/p>\n<p>Former historic precedents\u2026Panama \u201cBlue Spoon\u201d to Just Cause (PR)<\/p>\n<p>Former Sec of State, Donald Rumsfeld<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>24 Defense Dept entities<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Naming strategies date back to World War II<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Code names for military operations<\/li>\n<li>originated with the Germans in World War II and were intended to be secret.<\/li>\n<li>Germany\u2026Mythology\/ heroes from antiquity (Archangel, Valkyrie)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Defending Kuwait from Iraq<\/li>\n<li>Peninsula Shield, Crescent Shield, Desert Shield<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Boxer (the author) argues that at the time she wrote the article,<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>naming military operations involved using two-word verb-noun phrase that is positive but that is almost meaningless.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Promote Liberty, Restore Hope<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Winston Churchill<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cNaming your operation is like naming a baby\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Should NOT be frivolous or ordinary<\/li>\n<li>Consider recruiting a young generation in an operation called Operation Bunnyhug<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Or \u201cBallyhoo\u201d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Concepts<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sociolinguistics\u2026talk is complicated.<\/li>\n<li>What you say depends on your social identity and who you are talking to.<\/li>\n<li>Trying to motivate armed services or recruit vs how it may sound to \u201cothers\u201d with ancestry in diff parts of the world<\/li>\n<li>Framing shapes impression management<\/li>\n<li>\u201cBarbarossa\u201d vs \u201cBlue Spoon\u201d vs \u201cBunnyhug\u201d vs \u201cMasher\u201d vs \u201cPeace\u201d vs \u201cInfinite Justice\u201dvs \u201cEnduring Freedom\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Metaphoric level of reference<\/li>\n<li>\u201cWar on Poverty\u201d etc<\/li>\n<li>(current example: Building a Wall)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Shifts in naming practices<br \/>\nColors to nouns and adjectives<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Secret codes to PR images<\/li>\n<li>EG : 1989 US Invasion of Panama<\/li>\n<li>Operation \u201cBlue Spoon\u201d\u2026.to \u201cJust Cause\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>By the time of the Korean War \u2026 \u201caggressive nicknames\u201d<\/li>\n<li>EG: Roundup, Killer, Ripper, Audacious, Courageous, and Dauntless used by Gen. MacArthur<\/li>\n<li>By the end of Vietnam\u2026NICKA system (computer assisted)<\/li>\n<li>Sound like \u201cmission statements\u201d verb-noun sequences eg Promote Liberty, Restore Hope, etc (52)<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Major point in the essay<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Military operations shaped by\/ toward shaping nat\u2019l &amp; int\u2019l perceptions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Looking Glass Self &amp; Impression Management<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Overall, in the article the author<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Illustrates the U.S. military&#8217;s attempt to frame its operations in a positive light<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Presents a history of naming operations starting with WWII;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Focuses on how the Iraq and Afghanistan wars were named;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Difficulty of \u201cframing\u201d\u2026 despite every effort to make them benign, most recent attempts at naming military operations manage to offend someone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Question<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>How do you think the \u201cnaming game\u201d or rhetoric of the new administration of Donald Trump is shaping cultural relations within the US, internationally?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBuild a Wall\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cImmigrant or Refugee Ban\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMuslim Registry\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\u201cConversation Style: Talking on the Job\u201d by Deborah Tannen<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>This article excerpted from<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Discusses misunderstandings in the work place based on the different speaking styles of men and women.<\/p>\n<p>Tannen\u2019s \u201cConversational Style: Talking on the Job\u201d?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>In the table of contents, the editors write:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c On the job, men and women use distinctive conversation styles to ask for help, teaching them to evaluate performance and character differently.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Tannen notes that<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>most people blame miscommunication on the intentions, different abilities, and character of others, or on their own failure or the failure of the relationship.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>What is HER main idea?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Or what are some central points that she makes?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Gender and<br \/>\nlanguage<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Miscommunication in the work place often occurs between men and women because<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>gender is a basic indicator of identity and<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>because men and women learn different styles of speaking (socialization)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>speaking styles are \u201critualized\u201d forms of verbal interaction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Questions (p.59)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>1. What does Tannen mean by conversational style?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>2. What is the important style difference in the way men and women ask for directions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>3. What is Tannen\u2019s hypothesis about why males avoid asking other people for directions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>4. In Tannen\u2019s perspective, what conclusions do men and women draw about each other when they display typically different approaches to asking directions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\u201cConversation Style: Talking on the Job\u201d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Defines &#8220;speaking styles\u201c\u2026and looks at the different speaking styles of men and women<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Focuses on the impact of contrasting gender speaking styles on men and women in the workplace<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Argues that men avoid &#8220;one down&#8221; positions with each other by using humor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Argues that women seek to soften criticism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>What examples does she provide to illustrate her argument?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Example #1: Men and women talking on the job<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Amy, a manager, tried to tell her employee, Donald, how to change an unsatisfactory report.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Men often refrain from asking for directions<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>while women often seek to create the appearance of equality in a conversation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Women\u2019s conversation often works at the appearance of equality. Men\u2019s conversation, on the other hand, is often directed at avoiding the one-down position by using oppositions such as banter, joking, teasing, and playful putdowns.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>*<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Example #2: When NOT asking directions is dangerous to your health<\/p>\n<p>Why don\u2019t men like to stop and ask for directions?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>What examples does Tannen offer to further her ideas?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>A few examples\u2026<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>1) Airplane pilots<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>2) An intern at a hospital making a decision about a dosage for a patient?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>3) female (medical) intern in training<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Each style has its pitfalls<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Male pilots or doctors who fail to ask questions may endanger their own or other people\u2019s lives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Female doctors and managers who ask too many questions may risk signaling that they are tentative or unsure of themselves. They may see uninformed and less intelligent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How might this affect the question of \u201cthe glass ceiling\u201d in getting promoted on the job?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Men in general wouldn\u2019t ask questions if not understanding\u2026.<\/p>\n<p>Cultural differences play a role too\u2026.<\/p>\n<p>Middle eastern student asked a Prof a question<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>What rationale did many men provide<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>As to why they don\u2019t ask for directions?<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Advantages cited by men for refraining from asking questions?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>They avoid receiving incorrect information.<\/li>\n<li>They learn to discover answers for themselves.<\/li>\n<li>They can feel superior to other people by not showing their ignorance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cYou learn a lot about a neighborhood, as well as about navigation by driving around and finding your own way.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Tannen notes that men often fail to ask for directions<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>and that women usually do ask for directions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Because it is easy to show that not asking for directions can have dire consequences, she suggests that men should be flexible, asking for directions when it seems appropriate to do so!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Are there dominant social patterns in whose ideas get listened to\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Or who gets believed?<\/p>\n<p>Contemporary research notes that men interrupt more often than women<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>How was \u201cgender\u201d evident in or discussed<\/p>\n<p>Any other points that Tannen makes applicable?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>in the recent Blasey-Ford\/ Kavanugh hearings?<\/li>\n<li>Styles of speaking? In a \u201cjob interview\u201d?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>What did you respond to<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Overall, what did you think of the essay?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>What do you think of the argument? Buy it or not? Explain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>How do our ideas of femininity and masculinity translate into<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Daily \u201cconversational rituals\u201d (Tannen)?<\/li>\n<li>Apologies<\/li>\n<li>Criticism<\/li>\n<li>Thank yous<\/li>\n<li>Praise<\/li>\n<li>Complaints<\/li>\n<li>Jokes<\/li>\n<li>Fighting (incl. ritual fights of sparring)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201cConversational styles\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Applicable to politics?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>What do you mean?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>1) Apologies (w: mask competencies)<\/li>\n<li>2) Criticism (M:direct\/W:indirect)<\/li>\n<li>3) Thank yous (w: ritual, reciprocity)<\/li>\n<li>4) Fighting (m: sparring; w: need to learn)<\/li>\n<li>5) Praise (m: saying nothing; w:encourage)<\/li>\n<li>6) Complaints (w:commiserate-m:want to fix the problem<\/li>\n<li>7) Jokes (m: razzing, teasing, mock-hostile attacks \u2013 w: self-mocking)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>M-F styles\/ patterns<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Adjectives<\/li>\n<li>Politeness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><center><a href=\"http:\/\/onlineclassesguru.com\/orders\/ordernow\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTyj99p60XCLyLk1htB7-1neRt8-2QdnenNlQ&usqp=CAU\"target=\"_http:\/\/onlineclassesguru.com\/orders\/ordernow\"\/><\/center><p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Language and Communication Culture\u2026. \u201cis a system of symbols that allows us to represent and communicate our experience.\u201d (McCurdy, Shandy and Spradley, 28) Words\u2026.. Symbols\u2026 Anything we can perceive with our senses that stands for something else Words such as \u201clawn\u201d or \u201cbarn\u201d &nbsp; &nbsp; A symbol is a mark, sign or word that indicates,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1981","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Language and communications - onlineclassesguru<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/onlineclassesguru.com\/index.php\/2020\/10\/29\/language-and-communications\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Language and communications - onlineclassesguru\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Language and Communication Culture\u2026. \u201cis a system of symbols that allows us to represent and communicate our experience.\u201d (McCurdy, Shandy and Spradley, 28) Words\u2026.. 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