1) A codified law is known as a
A) deviant act.
B) statute.
C) theory.
D) crime.

2) According to John F. Galliher, legal definitions of criminality are arrived at through a __ process.
A) sociological
B) psychological
C) political
D) mainstream

3) Ron Classen sees crime primarily as
A) a violation of a law.
B) problem behavior.
C) an offense against human relationships.
D) a form of social maladjustment.

4) The pluralistic perspective suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized through
A) general agreement of members of society.
B) a political process.
C) the existence of shared norms and values.
D) none of the above

5) Which of the following jobs probably would not fall within the field of criminalistics?
A) Fingerprint examiner
B) Polygraph operator
C) Forensics examiner
D) Correctional officer

6) A police officer or probation officer is best described as a
A) criminalist.
B) criminologist.
C) criminal justice professional.
D) none of the above

7) __ definitions focus on criminology’s role in uncovering the underly-
ing causes of crime.
A) Scientific
B) Causative
C) Disciplinary
D) None of the above

8) According to various professional groups, violence in television, music, video
games, and movies
A) may lead to increased levels of violent behavior among children.
B) may lead to decreased levels of violent behavior among children.
C) may lead to emotional sensitization toward violence in real life.
D) may have no effect on levels of violent behavior among children.

9) Which of the following is not an immediate input provided by the justice system that may enhance or reduce the likelihood of criminal occurrences?
A) Police response time to a crime scene
B) The availability or lack of official assistance
C) The presence or absence of police officers
D) A prison that acts as a “crime school”

10) Which of the following is not considered a property crime by the UCR?
A) Robbery
B) Burglary
C) Arson
D) Theft

11) Which of the following is not a reason why rape victims fail to report their victimization?
A) Fear that the crime is not important enough to report
B) Fear of the perpetrator
C) Fear of participation in the criminal justice system
D) Shame

12) The category of crimes in NIBRS which corresponds most closely to the UCR Part I offenses is
A) Group A offenses
B) Part I crimes
C) NIBRS key crimes
D) None of the above

13) According to Elliott Currie, the __ is the rate of crime calculated on the basis of crimes that would likely be committed by those who are incapacitated by the criminal justice system.
A) actual crime rate
B) criminality index
C) latent crime rate
D) clearance rate

14) The NCVS divides larceny into the categories of __ larceny.
A) household and personal
B) grand and petty
C) violent and nonviolent
D) felony and misdemeanor

15) Which of the following is not a finding of the National Youth Survey?
A) Violent offenders begin lives of crime earlier than originally believed.
B) Females are involved in a smaller proportion of crime than previously thought.
C) There is a consistent progression from less serious to more serious acts of
delinquency over time.
D) Race differentials in crime are smaller than traditional data sources indicated.

16) The first step in any research is to
A) develop a research design.
B) choose a data collection technique.
C) review the findings.
D) identify a problem.
17) A __ is especially valuable when aspects of the social setting are beyond the control of the researcher.
A) one-group pretest-posttest design
B) case study
C) controlled experiment
D) quasi-experimental design

18) The study of one particular criminal organization is an example of the __ data-gathering strategy.
A) survey research
B) case study
C) participant observation
D) secondary analysis

19) The degree of dispersion of scores around the mean is known as the
A) standard deviation.
B) median.
C) correlation.
D) significance test.

20) A __ correlation exists between sample size and the degree of confidence we can have in our results.
A) positive
B) curvilinear
C) negative
D) inverse

21) In which year was the Magna Carta signed?
A) 450 B.C.
B) 1215
C) 1066
D) 1700 B.C.

22) Which of the following was not one of the three types of crimes outlined by Beccaria?
A) Crimes that involved no victims other than society
B) Crimes that ran contrary to the social order
C) Crimes that injured citizens or their property
D) Crimes that threatened the security of the state

23) Which of the following categories of punishment might include the loss of the right to vote?
A) chronic
B) compulsive
C) indelible
D) restrictive

24) The argument that crime is not a result of poverty or social conditions and
therefore cannot be affected by social programs was made by
A) Lawrence Cohen.
B) David Fogel.
C) Ronald V. Clarke.
D) James Q. Wilson.
25) Research by __ found that a small number of chronic recidivists were responsible for a large majority of serious violent crime.
A) Marvin Wolfgang
B) Marcus Felson
C) Jack Katz
D) Ronald V. Clarke

Forensic Science

Answer one of the below questions that has not been answered by anyone else, and then respond to submissions from at least two classmates

Option 1: List and describe the general features of bloodstain formation.

Option 2. A criminalist studying a dyed sample hair notices that the dyed color ends about 1.5 centimeters from the tip of the hair. Approximately how many weeks before the examination was the hair dyed? Explain your answer.

Option 3. Following are descriptions of several hairs. Based on these descriptions, indicate the likely race of the person from whom the hair originated.
a. Evenly distributed, fine pigmentation.
b. Continuous medullation.
c. Dense, uneven pigmentation.
d. Wavy with a round cross-section.

Option 4. Criminalist Pete Evett is collecting fiber evidence from a murder scene. He notices fibers on the victim’s shirt and trousers, so he places both of these items of clothing in a plastic bag. He also sees fibers on a sheet near the victim, so he balls up the sheet and places it in as separate plastic bag. Noticing fibers adhering to the windowsill from which the attacker gained entrance, Pete carefully removes it with his fingers and places it in a regular envelope. What mistakes, if any, did Pete make while collecting this evidence?

Option 5. You are investigating a hit-and-run accident and have identified a suspect vehicle. Describe how you would collect paint to determine whether the suspect vehicle was involved in the accident. Be sure to indicate the tools you would use and the steps you would take to prevent cross-contamination.

Option 6. While investigating a murder scene, police gather evidence that includes a dead body riddled with stab sounds, fingerprints on a bloody knife found near the body, and a ticket stub from a theater several miles away from the scene. Detectives determine that the knife belongs to the victim, but matched prints on the knife to an acquaintance of the victim. When questioned, the acquaintance claims he was at the movies at the time of the murder – the same movie shown on the ticket stub at the scene. What direct physical evidence connects the acquaintance to the crime scene? What circumstantial evidence connects him to the scene? What can you conclude about the acquaintance’s involvement solely from direct physical evidence and deductive reasoning? What might you conclude considering circumstantial evidence and inductive reasoning as well?

Option 7: Criminalist Mick is collecting evidence from a fire scene. He gathers about a quart of ash and soot debris from several rooms surrounding the point of origin. He stores the debris in a new, clean paint can, filled about three-quarters full. Seeing several pieces of timber he believes may contain accelerant residues, he cuts them and places them in airtight plastic bags. A short time later a suspect is arrested and Mick searches him for any signs of an igniter or accelerant. He finds a cigarette lighter on the suspect and seizes it for evidence before turning the suspect over to the police. What mistakes, if any, did Mick make in collecting the evidence?

Option 8: List and describe the four types of impact bloodstain spatter patterns.

Option 9: What are the characteristics of gunshot spatter and of cast-off spatter?

Option 10: Describe the procedures to document bloodstain pattern evidence.

Option 11: List and give the characteristics of seven of the major generic fibers not addressed by another student.

Option 12: The identification and comparison of manufactured fibers consists of at least three examinations and comparisons. List and describe them.

Option 13: Briefly describe the chemistry of fire.

Option 14: Define conduction, radiation, and convection.

Option 15: List the characteristics of a fire scene that would indicate the use of accelerants.